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Eyes Saw") that his mother had already in his childhood read to him the

New Testament, and when it came to the torturing of Jesus Christ, his

nurse or housemaid would exclaim: "the hideous Jews, they surely killed

Christ by torture!" (p. 23).

The pogroms of the years 1880 in Kishinev and Homel, came as the result

of false rumors and of promises of exemption from punishment for

plundering during three days. This time, however, the participation of

Jews in the Bolshevist movement was no more a rumor, but a fact which it

was very easy to exaggerate. On the other side, the impunity for

plundering lasted this time not only three days, but indefinitely on

account of the absence of any authority that could stop the plundering.

For, what authority could exist during the panic of retreat before

Trotsky's army? ... Under such conditions a favorable atmosphere was

created for the rapacious instincts of the demoralized segments of the

army, as well as for the development of the ideological barbarity of

Semesenko and for the provocateurs from the Russian Black-Hundred camp,

who were pogrommongers by conviction and wished at the same time to

discredit the Ukrainian movement by branding it as being guilty of

pogroms.

All this, of course, is not justification, but only one of many

explanations of the origin of pogroms during the period of the

Directorate.

Quite a different picture is displayed by the comparison of this period

of pogroms with the pogroms by Denikin's army. Here is no question of

retreat and of chaos that is connected with retreat. On the contrary,

the more successful the advance, the more organized and stronger is the

propaganda from above and the more according to plan the pogroms are

developed. If the beginning of the demoralization of the Ukrainian army

was at its tail, by Denikin's army the poison of demoralization came from

the head. As we have seen already, the Denikin officers openly declared

that they were fighting not against the Bolsheviks, but against the Jews.

To be sure, there were also in Denikin's army many persons of a purely

rapacious type. But the most horrible thing was the deeply rooted

anti-Semitism of the chiefs that surrounded Denikin, and their sadistic

hate of Jews. I, personally, am not inclined to assume that Denikin

himself wanted pogroms. Even to Denikin, in spite of his anti-Semitism,

it was impossible not to see the fatal results of pogroms for his army.

But he, too, was powerless on the question of pogroms, nor had he any

inclination to come forward in defense of the Jews.

The second characteristic feature which distinguishes the very course of

the pogroms in one area from the other consists in the fact that in

Petlura's army, we surely find cases when some individual persons or

groups succeeded in preventing or stopping pogroms. Two such cases are

cited by Temkin in his report, the other two cases are given in the

report of the Relief Committee for the Victims of Pogroms. Red Army

soldiers arranged an anti-Jewish pogrom in the city of Korosten in March

13, 1919. When the soldiers of Petlura's army which was at that time

advancing, reached the city, they stopped the pogroms. In Bila Tserkva

the Ukrainian army - having expelled in August the Denikin troops of Gen.

Shkuro and then the Red troops, who one after another plundered and

massacred the population - behaved in full dignity until in turn they

were substituted by Zeleny's bands that immediately arranged a pogrom.

Later the unfortunate town was attacked by Sokolov's bands, after which

the Ukrainian troops again succeeded in restoring order for a short time.

Lubny escaped a pogrom thanks to the fact that a hundred men were found

in the Ukrainian ranks, who with their arms stood in the way of the

pogrommakers. Fourteen of the defenders fell in the fight but the town

was saved. While reading the story about Lubny in this part of the

report, I recalled the year 1905 when a City Committee of Defense was

organized in Lubny, which also saved the city from a pogrom.

Such facts were unknown in Denikin's army. Here the "guilty" of such

patronage and defense of Jews were punished with dismissal from their

posts.

The third feature, a very disadvantageous one for Denikin's army and

government, appears as a result of the comparison of the declarations by

the Ukrainian government on the Jewish question, of laws concerning

personal-national autonomy and Jewish Communities on the one hand, with

the clauses restricting the number of Jews in educational institutions as

well as in civil and military services in Denikin's empire - on the other

hand. Here, on the part of the Ukrainian government, an effort to draw

on representatives of Jews in all levels of government posts, and over

there - in Denikin's camp - removal of Jewish officers from the army, and

of Jewish officials from district and city offices. And this - in spite

of the fact that so many Jews joined voluntarily at the very beginning

Koltchak's and Denikin's armies. And how many Jews having been brought

up with a Russian culture died for Russia that had been always a

stepmother to them? On the other hand, how small a group of us, Jews,

joined the Ukrainian movement at the beginning of the second revolution!

Of course, there was nothing strange in it. Wilson's points had been

declared but recently, and the realization of the right of