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Ex. 5. Match the beginning with the endings based on the text

Ex. 6. Put the questions to the bold-typed words:

1. People use secondary standards to define approximate values.

2. Certified reference materials are used in commerce.

3. The loss of this artifact didn’t create any problems for us.

4. Electrical potential is very important for the production of cell batteries.

5. This working standard is used to calibrate measurement equipment.

Ex. 7. M ake the summary of the text «What is standard?» using the following plan:

The definition of a standard;

Types of standard;

The definitions of the primary standard;

The definition of the secondary standard;

The definition of the working standard;

The spheres of using these standards.

to confirm – подтверждать – растау, птау, длелдеу

assigned value – приписанное значение – белгіленген мн

to assign a value – присваивать значение – мнді меншіктеу

reproducible – воспроизводимый – елестететін, еске тсіретін

shape – форма – пішін, тр, трпат; кескін

tolerance – допустимое отклонение от стандартного размера – стандарт лшемнен рауалы ауыту

to implement – внедрять – орындау, енгізу

shortfall – недостаток – жетіспеушілік, кемшілік кемдік

to recognize – признавать – тану, мойындау; … деп табу, санау, есептеу

temperature interval – температурный интервал – температуралы аралы

linear distance – расстояние по прямой, расстояние по плоскости, линейное расстояние – зындытан басталан араашыты, кеістіктен басталан араашыты, сызыты ашыты

electrical current – электрический ток – электр тоы

frequency – частота – жиілік

to supplement – дополнить – толытыру

angle – угол – брыш angle measurement – угловое измерение – брышты лшем

Ohm's law – закон Ома – Ом заы

independent unit – независимая единица – туелсіз бірлік

voltage – напряжение – кернеу; электр тоыны кші

resistance – сопротивление – арсыласу, арсылы, арсы тру; кедергі

eventually – в конечном итоге – е аырында

length standard – эталон длины, эталонная мера длины, мера длины – зынды эталоны, эталонды лшем зындыы, зынды лшем current – ток – то

meter bar artifact – искусственное средство (брусок) идентификации метра как образцовой меры; образцовый брусок метра – жасанды рал, метрді лшем лгісі ретінде сйкестендіру, метрді кесек лгісі

luminance – яркость – жарыты, жарынды; ашыты

watt – ватт – ватт accurate – точный – шынды, дл, тра

practical measurements – практические измерения, рабочие измерения – тжірбиелік лшем, жмысты лшем

commercial measurement – техническое измерение – техникалы лшем

development – разработка – деу, істеу, істеп ою

resolution – разрешающая способность – шешілетін абілеттілік

UTC (universal time coordinate) – всемирное координированное время – дниежзілік йлестірілген уаыт

leap second – корректировочная секунда – тзету секунды

adjustment – коррекция – тзету

solar time – солнечное время – кн уаыты

solid – твердый – атты; мыты, берік

liquid – жидкий, жидкость – сйы, сйыты

incandescent bulb – лампа накаливания – ыздыру шамы

range – диапазон – ауым

temperature range – температурный диапазон – температуралы ауым

International Practical Scale – Международная практическая шкала – Халыаралы тжірибелік шкаласы

uniform – одинаковый – біркелкі, біртекті

fixed point – зафиксированная точка – аныына жеткен нкте

state – состояние – кй

pure material – чистое вещество – таза зат

Standard Platinum Resistance – стандартный платиновый термометр сопротивления – стандартталан платиналы термометр кедергісі

to interpolate – интерполировать – интерполяциялау

temperature value – значение температуры – температура мні

transfer standard – образцовая мера для передачи размера единицы с постоянного тока на переменный – траты токты айнымалыа бірлік клемін жіберудегі лгілік лшем

amount – количество – млшер сан

reading – показание измерительного прибора – лшеуіш аспапты крсетуі

recreate – воссоздавать – айта жасау, жаырту; алпына келтіру

Ex. 1. Read and translate the text

The modern standards of some physical quantities

Standards are objects or ideas that are designated as b eing authoritative for some accepted reason. Whatever value they possess is useful for comparison to unknowns for the purpose of establishing or confirming an assigned value based on the standard. The design of this comparison process for measurements is metrology. The execution of measurement comparisons for the purpose of establishing the relationship between a standard and some other measuring device is calibration

Whatever value they possess is useful for comparison for the purpose of establishing or confirming an assigned value based on the standard. The design of this comparison process for measurements is metrology. The execution of measurement comparisons for the purpose of establishing the relationship between a standard and some other measuring device is calibration.

The ideal standard is independently reproducible without uncertainty. This is what the creators of the «meter» length standard were attempting to do in the 19th century when they defined a meter as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to one of the Earth’s poles. Later, it was learned that the Earth’s surface is an unreliable basis for a standard. The Earth is not spherical and it is constantly changing in shape. Careful calibrations allowed tolerances as small as 10 parts per million to be distributed and reproduced in metrology laboratories worldwide, regardless of whether the rest of the metric system was implemented and in spite of the shortfalls of the meter’s original basis. Currently, five independent units of measure are internationally recognized: temperature interval, linear distance, electrical current, frequency and mass. Any measurement can be based on one or more of these measurement units. To supplement these five, two units of angle measurement that are also independent are recognized. For example, Ohm's law is a widely known concept in electrical study. Of the three units of measure involved, only current (ampere) is an independent unit. Voltage and resistance units are dependent on current units, as defined by Ohm's law.

It is believed that each of independent units of measure will be defined in terms of the other four independent units eventually. Length (meter) and time (second) are already connected this way. If an accurate time base is available, then a length standard can be reproduced without a meter bar artifact, using the known constant speed of light. Lesser known is the relationship between the luminance (candela) and current (ampere). The candela is defined in terms of the watt, which in turn is derived from the ampere.