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MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ potassium clay grinding bowl nitrate (75 g) and clay grinder

or or sodium wooden salad bowl nitrate (75 g) and wooden spoon sulfur (10 g) plastic bags (3) charcoal (15 g) 300-500 ml beaker (1) distilled water coffee pot or heat source

1) Place a small amount of the potassium or sodium nitrate in the grinding bowl and grind it to a very fine powder. Do this to all of the potassium or sodium nitrate, and store the ground powder in one of the plastic bags.

2) Do the same thing to the sulfur and charcoal, storing each chemical in a separate plastic bag.

3) Place all of the finely ground potassium or sodium nitrate in the beaker, and add just enough boiling water to the chemical to get it all wet.

4) Add the contents of the other plastic bags to the wet potassium or sodium nitrate, and mix them well for several minutes. Do this until there is no more visible sulfur or charcoal, or until the mixture is universally black.

5) On a warm sunny day, put the beaker outside in the direct sunlight. Sunlight is really the best way to dry black powder, since it is never too hot, but it is hot enough to evaporate the water.

6) Scrape the black powder out of the beaker, and store it in a safe container. Plastic is really the safest container, followed by paper. Never store black powder in a plastic bag, since plastic bags are prone to generate static electricity.

3.22 NITROCELLULOSE

Nitrocellulose is usually called "gunpowder" or "guncotton". It is more stable than black powder, and it produces a much greater volume of hot gas. It also burns much faster than black powder when it is in a confined space. Finally, nitrocellulose is fairly easy to make, as outlined by the following procedure:

MATERIALS EQUIPMENT ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ cotton (cellulose) two (2) 200-300 ml beakers concentrated funnel and filter paper nitric acid blue litmus paper concentrated sulfuric acid distilled water

1) Pour 10 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid into the beaker. Add to this 10 cc of concentrated nitric acid.

2) Immediately add 0.5 gm of cotton, and allow it to soak for exactly 3 minutes.

3) Remove the nitrocotton, and transfer it to a beaker of distilled water to wash it in.

4) Allow the material to dry, and then re-wash it.

5) After the cotton is neutral when tested with litmus paper, it is ready to be dried and stored.

3.23 FUEL-OXODIZER MIXTURES

There are nearly an infinite number of fuel-oxodizer mixtures that can be produced by a misguided individual in his own home. Some are very effective and dangerous, while others are safer and less effective. A list of working fuel-oxodizer mixtures will be presented, but the exact measurements of each compound are debatable for maximum effectiveness. A rough estimate will be given of the percentages of each fuel and oxodizer:

oxodizer, % by weight fuel, % by weight speed # notes ============================================================== potassium chlorate 67% sulfur 33% 5 friction/impact

sensitive; unstable ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium chlorate 50% sugar 35% 5 fairly slow

charcoal 15% burning; unstable ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

potassium chlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 extremely

magnesium or unstable!

aluminum dust 25% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium chlorate 67% magnesium or 8 unstable

aluminum dust 33% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ sodium nitrate 65% magnesium dust 30% ? unpredictable

sulfur 5% burn rate ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium permanganate 60% glycerine 40% 4 delay before

ignition depends

upon grain size WARNING: IGNITES SPONTANEOUSLY WITH GLYCERINE!!! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium permanganate 67% sulfur 33% 5 unstable ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium permangenate 60% sulfur 20% 5 unstable

magnesium or

aluminum dust 20% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium permanganate 50% sugar 50% 3 ? ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium nitrate 75% charcoal 15% 7 this is

sulfur 10% black powder! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium nitrate 60% powdered iron 1 burns very

or magnesium 40% hot ============================================================== potassium chlorate 75% phosphorus 8 used to make

sesquisulfide 25% strike

anywhere matches ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ammonium perchlorate 70% aluminum dust 30% 6 solid fuel

and small amount of for space

iron oxide shuttle ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium perchlorate 67% magnesium or 10 flash powder (sodium perchlorate) aluminum dust 33% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium perchlorate 60% sulfur 20% or 8 alternate (sodium perchlorate) magnesium flash powder

aluminum dust 20% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ barium nitrate 30% aluminum dust 30% 9 alternate potassium perchlorate 30% flash powder ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ barium peroxide 90% magnesium dust 5% 10 alternate

aluminum dust 5% flash powder ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium perchlorate 50% sulfur 25% 8 slightly

magnesium or unstable

aluminum dust 25% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium chlorate 67% red phosphorus 27% 7 very unstable calcium carbonate 3% sulfur 3% impact sensitive ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium permanganate 50% powdered sugar 25% 7 unstable;

aluminum or ignites if

magnesium dust 25% it gets wet! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ potassium chlorate 75% charcoal dust 15% 6 unstable

sulfur 10% ============================================================== NOTE: Mixtures that use substitutions of sodium perchlorate for potassium perchlorate become moisture-absorbent and less stable.

The higher the speed number, the faster the fuel-oxodizer mixture burns AFTER ignition. Also, as a rule, the finer the powder, the faster the rate of burning.