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54. 768–77. 54. Levenson, R.W., Ekman, P., and Friesen, W.V. (1990). Voluntary facial action generates emotion-specific autonomic nervous system activity. Psychophysiology, 27: 363–84.

55. Cole, J. (1998). About Face. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Quotation on p. 127.

56. Finzi, E., and Wasserman, E. (2006). Treatment of depression with botulinum toxin A: A case series. Dermatologic Surgery, 32: 645–50.

57. Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving. New York: Harper & Row. Quotation on p. 49. The other findings described in this paragraph are reviewed in Lyubomirsky, King, et al. (2005), указ. соч.

58. Keltner, D., and Bonanno, G.A. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73: 687–702. 59. Berk, L.S., Tan, S.A., and Westengard, J. (2006, April). Увеличение уровня бета– эндорфина и HGH связаны и с ожиданием, и с переживанием радостного смеха. Доклад на ежегодной конференции по экспериментальной биологии, Сан-Франциско.

1. Diener, E., Sandvik, E., and Pavot, W. (1991). Happiness is the frequency, not the intensity, of positive versus negative affect. In Strack, F., Argyle, M., and Schwarz, N. (eds.). Subjective Well-being: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (pp. 119–39). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon. Urry, H.L., Nitschke, J.B., Dolski, I., Jackson, D.C., Dalton, K.M., Mueller, C.J., Rosenkranz, M.A., Ryff, C.D., Singer, B.H., and Davidson, R.J. (2004). Making a life worth living: Neural correlates of well-being. Psychological Science, 15: 367–72.

2. Fredrickson (2001), указ. соч.

3. Proust, M. (1982). Remembrance of Things Past, Vol. 1: Swann’s Way and Within a Budding Grove, trans. C.K. S. Moncrieff and T. Kilmartin. New York: First Vintage. (Original work published 1913–1918.)

4. Davidson, R.J. (1993). The neuropsychology of emotion and affective style. In Lewis, M., and Haviland, J.M. (eds.). Handbook of Emotion (pp.143–54). New York: Guilford. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., and Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relations to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97: 346–53.

5. MacLeod, A.K., Tata, P., Kentish, J., and Jacobsen, H. (1997). Retrospective and prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression. Cognition and Emotion, 11: 467–79. MacLeod, A.K., Pankhania, B., Lee, M., and Mitchell, D. (1997). Depression, hopelessness and future-directed thinking in parasuicide. Psychological Medicine, 27: 973–77. MacLeod, A.K., and Byrne, A. (1996). Anxiety, depression and the anticipation of future positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105: 286–89. For a review, see MacLeod, A.K., and Moore, R. (2000). Positive thinking revisited: Positive cognitions, well-being, and mental health. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7: 1–10.

6. Joormann, J., Siemer, M., and Gotlib, I.H. (2006). Mood regulation in depression: Differential effects of distraction and recall of happy memories on sad mood. Manuscript under review.

7. Brown, G.W., Lemyre, L., and Bifulco, A. (1992). Social factors and recovery from anxiety and depressive disorders: A test of specificity. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161: 44–54. See also Taylor et al. (2006), op. cit.

8. Fredrickson, B.L., and Levenson, R.W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12: 191–220. Fredrickson, B.L., Mancuso, R.A., Branigan, C., and Tugade, M.M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24: 237–58.

9. Fredrickson & Levenson (1998), op. cit.; Fredrickson et al. (2000), указ. соч.

10. Dickerhoof (2007), указ. соч.

11. Fredrickson (2001), op. cit. See also Ong, A.D., Bergeman, C.S., Bisconti, T.L., and Wallace, K.A. (2006). Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91: 730–49.

12. А именно когнитивная теория и теория безнадежности.

13. Dickerhoof (2007), указ. соч.

14. Поведенческая терапия, цель которой – побуждать пациента с депрессией увеличивать количество приятных событий в повседневной жизни, является очевидным исключением.

15. Keyes (2005), указ. соч.

16. Lyubomirsky, King, et al. (2005), указ. соч.

17. King, L.A., Hicks, J.A., Krull, J.L., and Del Gaiso, A.K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90: 179–96.

18. Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, et al. (2005), указ. соч.

19. Здесь уместно указать на работу Лифа Ван Бовена из университета Колорадо. Он обнаружил, что люди более счастливы, если вкладывают деньги и ресурсы в опыт и переживания (который, конечно, включает большое разнообразие действий), а не в имущество. Он приводит три причины этого: 1) опыт, по сравнению с материальными вещами, со временем начинает приносить больше удовольствия; 2) люди менее склонны сравнивать свой опыт (в противоположность имуществу) с опытом более удачливых других; и 3) опыт имеет больше социальной ценности и чаще укрепляет отношения. Я добавила бы четвертую причину: опыт (в том числе и действия) меньше подвержен гедонистической адаптации. Обзор см. в Van Boven, L. (2005). Experientialism, materialism, and the pursuit of happiness. Review of General Psychology, 9: 132–42.

20. Berlyne, D. (1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Perception and Psychophysics, 8: 279–86. McAlister, L. (1982). A dynamic attribute satiation model of variety-seeking behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 9: 141–50. Ratner, R.K., Kahn, B.E., and Kahneman, D. (1999). Choosing less-preferred experiences for the sake of variety. Journal of Consumer Research, 26: 1–15. Berns, G. (2005). Satisfaction: The Science of Finding True Fulfillment. New York: Henry Holt.

21. Tkach, 2005, указ. соч.

22. Robert Jeffery, Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota. Personal communication, July 17, 2006.

23. Eugenides, J. (2003). Middlesex. New York: Picador. Quotation is on p. 69.

24. Brown, G.W., and Harris, T. (1978). Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. New York: Free Press.

25. Dube et al. (in press), указ. соч.

26. Gladwell, M. (2005, September 12). The cellular church: How Rick Warren’s congregation grew. New Yorker.