Чтение онлайн

(44) Spirit, 2.5, 3.10, 5.14, pp. 20, 30, 59–60. 63.

(45) Spirit, 3.9, p. 28.

(46) Michel de Montaigne, The Complete Essays / trans. Donald M. Frame (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1957), pp. 52–53; Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Lectures on the Philosophy of World History / trans. H. B. Nisbet (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 190.

(47) К дискуссиям Монтескьё об Азии См.: Ali Behdad, The Eroticized Orient: Images of Harem in Montesquieu and his Precursors // Stanford French Review 12 (Fall / Winter 1989), pp. 109-26; Robert Shackleton, Asia as Seen by French Enlightenment, в изд.: Essays on Montesquieu and the Enlightenment / ed. David Gilson and Martin Smith (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1988), p. 239; Richter, Despotism, pp. 12–13; Richter, Montesquieu’s Comparative Analysis of Europe and Asia, pp. 329-48; Venturi, pp. 137-39; David Young, Montesquieu’s View of Despotism, pp. 392–405. О космополитизме Монтескьё см.: Norman Hampson, Will and Circumstance: Montesquieu, Rousseau and the French Revolution (London: Gerald Duck worth, 1983), pp. 4, 11; Shklar, Montesquieu, p. 30; Todorov, On Human Diversity, pp. 353-99.

(48) Denis Diderot, Observations sur le Nakaz, in Political Writings / ed. John Hope Mason and Robert Wokler (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 90; Robespierre. Report on the Principles of Political Morality, в The Old Regime and the French Revolution / ed. Keith Michael Baker (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 375; Saint-Just and de Stael cited in Richter, Despotism, p. 14; Hegel, p. 190.

(49) Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 3–59; Michael Taussig, The Nervous System (New-York: Routledge, 1992), pp. 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 33; Tina Rosenberg, Children of Cain: Violence and the Violent in Latin America (New York: Penguin, 1991); Amy Wilentz, The Rainy Season (NewYork: Simon and Schuster), 1989.

(50) Cf. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Democracy on Trial (New York: Basic, 1995), pp. 38–39. 42–43, 45–52; John Gray, Post-Liberalism: Studies in Political Thought (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 158; Charles Taylor, Invoking Civil Society, в изд.: Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 204-5, 214–222; Charles Taylor, Liberal Politics and the Public Sphere, в изд.: New Communitarian Thinking: Persons, Virtues, Institutions, and Communities / ed. Amitai Etzioni (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), pp. 185, 211; Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives / ed. John Keane (London: Verso, 1988); Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Revival (New York: Penguin, 1994); Freedom of Association / ed. Amy Guttman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); The Essential Civil Society Reader: The Classic Essays / ed. Don E. Eberly (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefi eld, 2000).

(51) James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Penguin, 1987), No. 47, p. 303; Daniel T. Rodgers, Contested Truths: Keywords in American Politics Since Independence (New York: Basic, 1987), p. 57; Shklar, Montesquieu, p. 121; Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (New York: Vintage, 1996).

(52) Edmund Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origins of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 54.

3. Тревога *

(1) Этими начальными пунктами мы обязаны кн.: Georg Lukacs, The Historical Novel / trans. Hannah and Stanley Mitchell (Boston: Beacon Press, 1962), pp. 23–25; George Steiner, In Bluebeard’s Castle: Some Notes Towards the Redefinition of Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), pp. 11–13; Francois Furet, Interpreting the French Revolution / trans. Elborg Forster (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 23–25, 43–46.

(2) Steiner, p. 12.

(3) Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man, in The Thomas Paine Reader / ed. Michael Foot and Isaac Kramnick (New York: Penguin, 1987), p. 259; William Wordsworth, The Prelude, in The Poetical Works of Wordsworth (Boston: Houghton Miffl in, 1982), 9.166-67, p. 189.

(4) The Recollections of Alexis de Tocqueville / trans. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949), p. 40.

(5) Cf. Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989); Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

(6) Tocqueville and Michelet цит. в: Roger Boesche, The Strange Liberalism of Alexis de Tocqueville (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), pp. 59, 65.

(7) J. S. Mill, On Liberty / ed. Stefan Collini (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 62.

(8) Цит. в.: Jean-Claude Lamberti, Tocqueville and the Two Democracies / trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 229.

(9) Цит. в.: Lamberti, p. 220. Мое исследование отличий первого тома от второго относится к одному из полюсов в затяжном споре о том, является ли «О демократии в Америке» двумя разными книгами с одним названием или единым целым. Для сторонников тезиса о «двух демократиях», с которым согласен и я, см.: Seymour Drescher, Tocqueville’s Two Democraties // Journal of the History of Ideas 25 (April / June 1964): 201-16; Arthur Schlesinger, Individualism and Apathy in Tocqueville’s Democracy, в изд.: Reconsidering Tocqueville’s Democracy in America / ed. Abraham S. Eisenstadt. См.: New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 101; Richard Sennett, What Tocqueville Feared, в изд.: On the Making of Americans: Essays in Honor of David Riesman / ed. Herbert J. Gans et al. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1979), pp. 105-6, Andr'e Jardin, Tocqueville: A Biography / trans. Lydia Davis with Robert Hemenway (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1988), p. 251. О более тонкой, но умеренной поддержке рассуждений Дрешера см.: Larry Siedentop, Tocqueville (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 69–70; Lamberti, pp. 141-43, 228-29, 236–39. Джеймс Шляйфер в основном выступает против тезиса Дрешера, но даже он указывает на действительные противоречия между первым и вторым томом. См.: Schleifer, The Making of Tocqueville’s Democracy in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), pp. 154-55, 176, 207, 285.

(10) Блестящую дискуссию о взаимоотношении Токвиля с «новым либерализмом» в: George Armstrong Kelly, The Humane Comedy: Constant, Tocqueville, and French Liberalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Larry Siedentop, Two Liberal Traditions, в изд.: The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin / ed. Alan Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 153-74; and Siedentop, Tocqueville.

(11) Guizot цит. в: E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789–1848 (New York: New American Library, 1962), p. 148; Tocqueville, Selected Letters on Politics and Society / ed. Roger Boesche; trans. James Toupin and Roger Boesche (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 127, 153, 284.

(12) Интересная дискуссия по поводу взаимосвязи политических поражений Токвиля и его растущего фатализма в кн.: Francois Furet, The Conceptual System of Democracy in America, в изд.: In the Workshop of History / trans. Jonathan Mandelbaum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 169, 171. См. также: Lamberti, pp. 123, 126-30; Schleifer, p. 29.

(13) Letters, p. 294.

(14) Lamberti, p. 220.

(15) Jardin, pp. 1–9, 37–91.

(16) Daniel Rodgers, Of Prophets and Prophecy, в Eisenstadt, pp. 198-99, 205.

(17) Democracy, p. 255.

(18) Democracy, pp. 72, 373, 494. См. также: Democracy, p. 56; Schleifer, pp. 197, 201.

(19) Hobbes, Leviathan / ed. Richard Tuck (New York: Cambridge University Press. 1989), ch. 16, p. 114.