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11. Ibid., 532.

12. David Krackhardt, “Assessing the Political Landscape; Structure, Cognition and Power in Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (1990): 342-369.

13. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Alison Konrad, “The Effects of Individual Power on Earnings”, Work and Occupations (in press, 1991).

14. Frank Rose, West of Eden: The End of Innocence at Apple Computer (New York: Viking Penguin, 1989), 244-245.

15. Ibid., 298.

16. Robert A. Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 266.

17. Mark Stevens, Sudden Death: The Rise and Fall of E.F. Hutton (New York: Penguin, 1989), 161.

18. Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown,

1979), 47.

19. David Halberstam, The Reckoning (New York: William Morrow, 1986); Neil Fligstein, “The Intraorganizational Power Struggle: Rise of

Примечание 463

Finance Personnel to Top Leadership in Large Corporations, 1919-1979”, American Sociological Review 52 (1987): 44-58.

20. Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 58.

21. Ibid., 60-61.

22. Festinger, S. Schacter, and K. Back, SocialI Pressures in Informal Groups (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1950).

23. John P. Kotter, “Power, Success, and Organizational Effectiveness”, Organizational Dynamics 6, no. 3 (1978): 27-40.

24. Christopher Byron, The Fanciest Dive (New York: W.W. Norton, 1986).

25. Patrick Wright, On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors (Grosse point, MI: Wright Enterprises, 1979).

26. Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

1. New York Times (July 15,1978): 23.

2. Sally Bedell Smith, In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 397.

3. David Mechanic, “Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly 1 (1962): 349-364.

4. John W. Gardner, On Leadership (New York: Free Press, 1990), 24.

5. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).

6. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (New York: Free Press, 1947).

7. Steven Bach, Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heavens Gate (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 54.

8. Lynne G. Zucker, “The Role of Institutionalization in Cultural Persistence”, American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 726-743.

9. R.C. Jacobs and D.T. Campbell, “The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition Through Successive Generations of a Laboratory Microculture”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961): 649-658.

464 Примечание

10. Zucker, “The Role of Institutionalization”, 732.

11. Ibid., 732-733.

12. J. Sterling Livingston, “Pygmalion in Management”, Harvard Business Review 47 (July-August 1969): 81-89; W. Peter Archibald, “Alternative Explanations for Self-Fulfilling Prophecy”, Psychological Bulletin 81 (1974): 74-84.

13. Mark Snyder, “Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes”, Psychology Today 16 (July 1982): 60-68.

14. Lloyd H. Strickland, “Surveillance and Trust”, Journal of Personality 26(1958): 200-215.

15. Rosabeth M. Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

16. David E. Berlew and Douglas T. Hall, “The Socialization of Managers: Effects of Expectations on Performance”, Administrative Science Quarterly 11 (1966): 207-223.

17. Maryann Keller, Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors (New York: William Morrow, 1989), 66-67.

18. Ibid., 67.

19. Smith, In All His Glory, 150.

20. Ibid., 152.

21. Ibid., 153.

22. Ibid., 156.

23. Henry Kissinger, The White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 47.

24. Ibid., 47.

25. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 1972), 79.

26. Ibid., 80.

27. M.J. Lerner and C.H. Simmons, “Observer’s Reaction to the ‘Innocent Victim’: Compassion or Rejection?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 (1966): 203-210.

28. John M, Barry, The Ambition and the Power (New York: Viking, 1989) 154.

Примечание 465

29. Joseph W. Harder, Play for Pay: Salary Determination and the Effects of Over- and Under-Reward on Individual Performance in Professional Sports (Stanford, CA: Stanford University, unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1989).

30. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Random House, 1974), 463.

31. James G. March and John R Olsen, Ambiguity and Choice in Organizations (Bergen, Norway: Univcrsitetsforlaget, 1976).

32. Gardner, On Leadership, 8.

33. Martha S. Feldman and James G. March, “Information in Organizations as Signal and Symbol”, Administrative Science Quarterly 26 (1981): 171-186.